Russian
Check = Шах
Mate = Мат
Stalemate = Пат
Fork = Вилка
Pin = Связка
Castling = Рокировка
To resign = Сдаться
To capture = Забрать (to take) = Съесть (to eat up)
Gambit = Гамбит
Sacrifice = Жертва
Opening = Дебют
Middlegame = Миттельшпиль
Endgame = Эндшпиль
Draw = Ничья
Square = Поле = Клетка
Piece = Фигура
Pawn = Пешка
King = Король
Queen = Ферзь = Королева (queen, sometimes considered a layman's term)
Bishop = Слон (elephant) = Офицер (officer, rarely used)
Knight = Конь
Rook = Ладья (viking ship) = Тура (siege tower, a bit archaic)
Some terms of chess composition in Esperanto
chess composition – ŝaka komponado
problem composer / problemist – ŝakproblemisto
chess problem – ŝakproblemo
(endgame) study – studaĵo / etudo
solution – solvo
first move / key-move – ŝlosilo
unsolvable – nesolvebla
second solution / cook – duasolvo
dual – dualo
two-move problem – dumova problemo
three-move problem – trimova problemo
mating position – mata pozicio
model-mate – regulara mato
pure / clean – pura
economical – ŝparema
direct-mate problem – rekta problemo
fairy puzzle – fantazia problemo
helpmate – helpomato
to self-mate – matiĝi
blockade – blokado
main-play – ĉefludo
variation – varianto
main variation – ĉefvarianto
threat – minaco
defence – defendo
to move first – ekludi
to pin – interfiksi